【编者按】
Leaders of China have made science and technology the focus of social progress and economic growth. This path has been full of ups and downs and twists and turns. In this issue we will examine the past 6 decades in 4 chapters, as a tribute to the 60th anniversary of the PRC's founding.
科技是社会进步、经济发展的引擎。中国的科技发展离不开历届领导人对这一理念的准确把握。筚路蓝缕60年，漫旅如歌。本期，我们将60年来科技发展轨迹分为4个章节，梳理如下，以飨读者，共庆国庆60周年。
【第一章:灿烂启程】
March towards science. (Mao Zedong)
向科学进军。(毛泽东)
Inspired by the founding of the PRC in 1949, an estimated 3000 overseas students returned to the Chinese mainland by 1957. Many managed to become the founders and pioneers in China's development of science and technology. The emergence of new industries, especially aviation and rocketry, experienced rapid progress during this time. 
1949年，中华人民共和国成立。新中国的建立激发了大批海外学子的报国心。到1957年，归国的海外学子已有3000多人，他们中的大部分人成为了新中国科技发展的奠基人或开拓者。这一时期，航空和火箭技术等新兴工业部门得到了发展迅速。
>On September 26, 1959, oil was drilled from the first well of the Daqing Oilfield. The date coincided with the 10th anniversary of the PRC's founding, thus the name "Daqing" (big celebration). In 1960, construction of the Daqing Oilfield began in full swing, taking only 3 years to reach an advanced world level. It was dubbed the "Oil machine of the republic".
1959年9月26日，大庆油田第一口油井喷射出石油。时值国庆10周年，所以该油田以"大庆"命名。1960年，大庆油田开始全面开发，三年后建成世界级大油田，享有"共和国加油机"的美誉。
>On October 16, 1964, China successfully launched its first atomic bomb, thus becoming the 5th country to possess the atom bomb, following the US, the former Soviet Union, the UK and France.
1964年10月16日，中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，继美国、苏联、英国、法国之后，成为世界第5个拥有核武装的国家。
>On April 24, 1970, the Chinese-made "Long March I" carrier rocket successfully took the "Dongfanghong I", China's first man-made satellite, into orbit.
1970年4月24日，中国自主研制的"长征一号"火箭成功地发射了中国第一颗人造地球卫星"东方红一号"。
>In 1964, Yuan Longping started his research of hybrid rice. After 12 years' hard work, he brought forward the 3rd hybrid paddy field and was branded the "Father of Hybrid Rice." Thanks to his achievement, the planet is able to produce extra quantities of rice for mass consumption. (See photo).
1964年，袁隆平开始致力于杂交水稻的研究。经过12年的努力，成功培育出了"三系杂交稻"，被誉为"杂交水稻之父"。袁隆平成就卓著，粮食产量的增长，解决了世界人口的吃饭问题。(见图)
【第二章:一芽知春】
Science and technology are the primary productive forces. (Deng Xiaoping)
科学技术是第一生产力。(邓小平)
Following the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in December 1978, China entered a new period of reform and opening-up, thus heralding the expansion of science and technology. The concept of science and technology being primary productive forces took root and the social status of scientists and engineers in China saw tremendous change.
1978年12月，中国***十一届三中全会召开，标志着中国进入了改革开放新时期，也真正迎来了科学的春天。科技作为"第一生产力"的理念深入人心。科技工作者的社会地位发生重大改变。
>On December 22, 1983, China successfully produced its first super-computer, Galaxy I, capable of over 100m operations per second.
1983年12月22日，中国第一台每秒运算1亿次以上的巨型计算机——"银河I型"研制成功。
>On September 20, 1987, China successfully sent out its first email to Germany at 8:55 pm. The email title was "Across the Great Wall we can reach every corner in the world".
1987年9月20日晚8点55分，我国向德国成功发出第1封电子邮件，邮件标题为"越过长城，走向世界"。
>On September 7, 1988, the first generation of polar orbiting meteorological satellites, the FY-1 series, was launched successfully into orbit.
1988年9月7日，我国首次成功发射试验型气象卫星"风云一号"。
【第三章:新绿方浓】
Rejuvenate China with science and education. (Jiang Zemin)
科教兴国。 (江泽民)
The strategy of "rejuvenating China through science and technology" came up at a national conference in 1995, and represented the 3rd milestone in China's technological development. The government started to pour bigger sums of money into the relevant fields and large scientific projects were established with the government's help. The application of more sophisticated technology also began to influence almost every aspect of people's lives.
1995年召开的全国科学技术大会及"科教兴国"战略的提出，成为中国科技事业发展进程中第三个重要的里程碑。这一时期，政府加大了对科技领域的投资，一批有影响的重大科学工程应运而生，更复杂的科技应用开始渗透到社会生活的方方面面。
>Scientists at the Chinese Academy of Sciences manipulated atoms to "write" the word "China" in characters in 1993, marking the country's leapfrog towards becoming one of the world's leaders in nanotechnology. 
1993年，中国科学院操纵原子成功写出"中国"二字，标志着中国开始在国际纳米科技领域占有一席之地。
>The Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest electricity-generating plant, began construction on December 14, 1994. As of April 2009, the dam has generated 300 TWh of electricity.
1994年12月14日，举世瞩目的长江三峡水利枢纽工程正式开工。作为全球最大的电厂，截至2009年4月，三峡工程累计发电达3000亿千瓦时。
>Shenzhou 5, China's first human spaceflight mission, was launched into space carrying astronaut Yang Liwei on October 15, 2003, making China the 3rd country to independently launch a person into space. Yang received the title of "Space Hero" from Jiang Zemin on November 7.
2003年10月15日，中国第一艘载人飞船"神舟五号"成功发射，标志着中国成为世界上第3个独立掌握载人航天技术的国家。11月7日，江泽民授予"神舟五号"宇航员杨利伟"航天英雄"称号。
【第四章:鸾舞未来】
A country that takes the upper hand in scientific know-how and technological innovation has the developmental initiative. (Hu Jintao)
当今时代，谁在知识和科技创新方面占据优势，谁就能够在发展上掌握主动。(胡锦涛)
In 2005, China's technological development entered a new era, as President Hu Jintao proposed to build a more innovation-oriented country. Instead of solely imitating developed countries, China started its own technological renovation and strove to forge ahead to the world forefront. 
2005年至今，以胡锦涛提出要建设创新型国家为标志，中国科技事业开始了又一个发展新时期。从模仿追踪走向自主创新，与世界科技发展前沿接轨。
>Chang'e 1, the first Chinese lunar-orbiting spacecraft, was launched on October 24, 2007 and ended its 16-month mission with a controlled crash onto the moon on March 1, 2009.
2007年10月24日，中国首颗绕月人造卫星"嫦娥一号"发射升空。2009年3月1日，"嫦娥一号"卫星在控制下成功撞击月球。
>About 16000 fireworks shone through the night at the Beijing Olympics opening ceremony on August 8, 2008. The track of every single firework was manipulated by computer, which also controlled the time when the fireworks rose, reached their peak and then burnt out. (See photo)
2008年8月8日，北京奥运会鸟巢拉开帷幕，16000枚烟花在鸟巢上空斗艳。每枚烟花火星的轨迹，何时腾空，何时升至制高点，何时燃尽，均由电脑控制。(见图)
>The Shenzhou 7 spacecraft, the 3rd human spaceflight mission of the Chinese space program carrying 3 crew members - Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng - was launched on September 25, 2008. Two days later, Zhai Zhigang conducted a 20-minute space walk, the first ever for a Chinese astronaut.
2008年9月25日，中国第三艘载人飞船"神舟七号"成功发射，三名航天员翟志刚、刘伯明、景海鹏顺利升空。27日，翟志刚出舱行走20分钟，实现首次中国宇航员太空行走。
>China officially awarded licenses for third generation (3G) mobile networks to China Mobile, China Unicom and China Telecom in 2009, paving the way for the expansion of 3G services in China.
2009年，工业和信息化部为中国移动、中国电信和中国联通发放3张第三代移动通信(3G)牌照，中国正式进入3G时代。


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不好意思。。。分贴给搞错了，帮你贴回来。。。。
【编者按】
Great changes in fashion have taken place in the 60 years since 1949 and the founding of New China. These changes provide us with a vivid illustration of an assortment of historical movements that have influenced several generations of Chinese. Each change in color or detail, which sped up since 1976, defined the respective era's rapid economic development and helped transform people's minds. We'd like to explore these changes in each decade with you.
回眸新中国60年服饰变迁，无论颜色还是款式，抑或服饰细节，都发生了翻天覆地的变化，无一不体现着几代人伴随着共和国走过的路。尤其是改革开放以来，服装发生着日新月异的变化，风格由单一渐趋多元，色彩由单调趋于斑斓，而隐于背后的是社会经济的巨大发展、人们思想观念的多元变化。下面我们将划分5个年代，为大家展开这幅生动的服饰画卷。
【编者按】
Great changes in fashion have taken place in the 60 years since 1949 and the founding of New China. These changes provide us with a vivid illustration of an assortment of historical movements that have influenced several generations of Chinese. Each change in color or detail, which sped up since 1976, defined the respective era's rapid economic development and helped transform people's minds. We'd like to explore these changes in each decade with you.
回眸新中国60年服饰变迁，无论颜色还是款式，抑或服饰细节，都发生了翻天覆地的变化，无一不体现着几代人伴随着共和国走过的路。尤其是改革开放以来，服装发生着日新月异的变化，风格由单一渐趋多元，色彩由单调趋于斑斓，而隐于背后的是社会经济的巨大发展、人们思想观念的多元变化。下面我们将划分5个年代，为大家展开这幅生动的服饰画卷。
>Also in the 1950s and early 60s, most Chinese women liked to wear "platyes" in summer. The Soviet female experts working in China often wore "platyes", featuring round-collars, loose short sleeves, pleated hemlines and a belt. "Platyes" were usually printed with dense flower, tartan or striped patterns. Now, many middle-aged women are still seen wearing modified "platyes" in summer.
50年代，身穿飘逸"布拉吉"的前苏联援华女专家成了大众直接模仿的对象。这种款式的特点是有简单的圆领、宽松的短袖、褶皱边、碎花、格子和条纹，腰际系一条带子，流行了很久，以至于现在许多中年妇女夏季的裙装还是这种稍加变化的"布拉吉"。
>People honored physical labor and what could be termed a "severe style". Women dressed in cotton, and clothing made of expensive satin was discarded. Girls liked to wear bib and brace overalls which had a chest pocket, and often chose brimmed hats and shoes with rubber soles to go with them.
50年代的人们崇尚劳动最光荣，朴素是时尚。女性摒弃了缎面，而采用棉布做衣服，年轻姑娘们曾一度爱上了背带工装裤。工装裤胸前有一个口袋，与之相配的一般是前檐工作帽、胶底布鞋。
>60年代:全民集体'撞衫'
In the early 1960s, Sino-Soviet relations were strained and almost overnight the popular Lenin suit and "platyes" disappeared. People dressed in blue and gray, shapeless clothes. When the "cultural revolution" (1966-76) began, only military uniforms could be seen in China. Men and women wore the same garments.
60年代，中苏关系全面恶化，曾经风行一时的列宁装、"布拉吉"几乎在一夜之间销声匿迹。蓝灰为主的色调和肥大单一的款式是这一时期中国服装的主要特点。随着60年代后期"文革"的开始，中国服装被淹没在了一片"国防绿"里，无论男女，军装成了最高时尚。
>China went through its hardest time in the early 60s. Cotton production severely declined during the Three Years of Natural Disaster (1959-61) resulting in limited cloth supply. People had to purchase clothes with coupons, so they usually chose solid materials and long-lasting black, blue and gray colors.
60年代初期，是新中国历史上最艰苦的时期，由于3年自然灾害(1959-1961年)，棉花大幅减产，人们购衣须凭布票。为了尽可能地节约，购买服装的标准是耐磨和耐脏，黑、蓝、灰色成为街头流行色。
>Clothes full of darns marked the hard times. People never deserted torn clothes, but patched them up in many places. "Hand me downs" became popular as it was common to pass down a coat from elder brothers or sisters to younger siblings. People could only buy new clothes during the Spring Festival.
物质生活的极为匮乏体现在衣着上："新三年，旧三年，缝缝补补又三年"。那时，穿补丁的衣服随处可见。家里小孩子多的，就只能"新老大，旧老二，缝缝补补给老三。"只有过年，才会有新衣裳。
>In the mid-1960s, striped sailor shirts were common on the street. The shirts were earlier seen in a 1957 Chinese movie featuring stars Zhao Dan and Wang Danfeng.
60年代中期，走到大街上放眼一望，一水的蓝白相间横条纹的海魂衫(俗称海军衫)。在1957年由赵丹和王丹凤主演的电影《海魂》中，着装就是海魂衫。
>From 1966 onwards, young men wore green uniforms, military caps, a Sam Browne belt and military shoes.
"文革"时，拥有一套军装是无数年轻人的理想。穿上军装，戴上军帽，腰扎皮带，足蹬解放鞋，代表着当时服装美的时尚。
>70年代:的确良喇叭裤
The 1970s was an era of change, in which the "cultural revolution" came to an end and China entered the period of reform and opening-up. At this time, clothing made of dacron and bell-bottomed pants came into people's lives like a breath of fresh air. They represented fashion and avant-courier and were popular with both men and women.
70年代，是一个转变的时代。"文化大革命"结束，中国进入了改革开放新时期。这时候，"的确良"和喇叭裤如一股清风闯进人们的生活，代表着时髦和前卫，男女都穿。
>Dacron was usually used to make short-sleeve shirts. According to current fashion, dacron shirts are neither environmentally-friendly nor comfortable. The material has bad air-permeability and doesn't absorb sweat in summer. But as it is crease-resistant and hardy, and the print looks bright and colorful, it impressed the Chinese who had lived in gray colors for dozens of years.
"的确良"通常用来做短袖衬衫。按现在的时尚观念来看，它既不环保，又不舒服，夏天透气性差，不吸汗，然而当初怎么穿都不皱、不破，印花颜色鲜亮的"的确良"，让沉浸在灰暗色系十几年的中国人顿时眼前一亮。
>Bell-bottomed pants looked like trumpets. They wrapped the buttocks tightly with the trouser legs tight in the thigh and loose in the calf so the curves of the hip and legs were clearly presented. The pants were long enough to cover the heel and swept the floor while walking. A guy was considered cool if he wore bell-bottomed pants and sun-glasses, had long hair and carried a tape recorder.
喇叭裤是一种呈喇叭状的长裤，紧裹屁股，裤腿上窄下宽，将臀部与腿部的曲线清晰地勾勒出来。裤长一般盖住鞋跟，走起路来，兼有扫地的功能。穿喇叭裤、戴蛤蟆镜、留一头长发、再拎一台录音机，就是这个年代男生最酷的形象。
>80年代:花裙子和西装
As China's economy opened up to the world, Western culture as well as Hong Kong and Taiwan fashion swarmed into the mainland, bringing the latest trends to eager youths. This period is considered as the spring of the development of Chinese clothing and the beginning of the renaissance of more contemporary Chinese fashion.
随着中国经济不断对外开放，西方文化和港台时尚迅速进入内地，向年青一代传递着最新的潮流信息。这个时期也被认为是中国服饰发展的春天与中国人时尚观念复苏的真正开始。
>The most representative male clothing in this period was the Western-style suit. The state leaders made their debut in suits for the first time in 1987, and then suits became all the rage in China. People of all walks of life, including cadres working in governments, workers in construction sites, and even vendors selling vegetables in markets, wore suits.
这个时期最有代表性的男装是西服。1987年，几位国家领导人第一次集体穿西服亮相，掀起全国的西服热。城市乡村机关里的干部，工地上的工人，市场上卖菜的……满大街，不分人群，到处都流行穿西服。
>Women began to pursue colors and styles that suited themselves more appropriately. An era of diversified and colorful female clothing came forth. Batwing-sleeved blouses, leggings (see photo) and colorful skirts came into the public's view mesmerizing onlookers.
女性开始追求符合自身特点的服装色彩和样式，一个多样化、多色彩的女性服装时代正式到来。蝙蝠衫、健美裤(见图)、色彩鲜艳的裙子等形形色色的服饰逐渐进入人们的视野并成为所向披靡的时尚。
>90年代至今:百花齐放
Since the 1990s, the clothing style changed fast. Sometimes a trend hadn't even formed before the clothing was already outdated. People dressed themselves as distinctively as they could. It got to the point that the most embarrassing thing was to be seen wearing the same clothes as another.
90年代之后是服装变化最快的年代，一种潮流还没有形成几乎就面临着过时的尴尬。人们穿衣服追求个性，最尴尬的事莫过于"撞衫"。
>Female clothing at this time was full of variety. Miniskirts, slip dresses, bare midriffs, backless costumes, low-cut jeans, tube tops, bellybands and bohemian skirts, all helped to reveal women's charm.
女性服装从超短裙、吊带、露脐装、露背装，到低腰裤、裹胸、肚兜、波西米亚裙，风情万种的女装，将女性的柔媚表现得淋漓尽致。
>The mix and match style also began to prevail in terms of men's clothing. No matter if they were to wear loose T-shirts or tight clothes, baggy jeans or pencil pants, as long as you made a good match, you were considered fashionable.
男装方面，混搭风流行开来。无论是宽松的T恤还是紧身衣，嘻哈牛仔裤还是铅笔裤，只要会搭配，就是时尚潮人。
【忆往昔】
2009年10月1日，共和国将迎来60华诞。60年弹指一挥间，中国人民与共和国一起成长，风雨同行，每一个瞬间都足以成为记忆的经典。本期我们特别邀请了来自北京和呼和浩特的两位老人，与我们共同翻开历史的书签，分享他们的故事。
我今年54岁，15岁跟父亲学做裁缝。1985年，我听老乡说北京这边生意不错，就来了北京。当时，我们白天就在路边支上铁架子，上面铺一块木板，摆上剪刀、尺子、画粉之类的，开始"收活儿"。做一条裤子两块钱，上衣三块钱。当时，夏天流行"的确良"，冬天时髦"迪卡"。服装的样式经常变，我们几个老乡常常一起学新样式的做法。九几年的时候，做一条裤子变成了20元左右，生意特别好。后来，各种服装品牌都出来了，找裁缝做衣服的人不断减少。很多裁缝改行卖衣服，我也租了柜台，可是因为不擅长，赔了好多钱。然后就又干了老本行。2000年之后，人们穿衣服怕"撞衫"，我们看准这个机会，开始做服装定制，很受欢迎，现在好多老外都到我这来做唐装。(北京，赵德元)
我今天70多了。我们年轻时根本没有裙子，用自己织的老粗布做衣服，夏天穿着粗布做的衣服一点儿也不凉快。衣服哪有什么样式，扯块布钉上两个扣子就穿在身上了。一年到头就这么穿。后来，有了一条蓝色印花裤子、一件粉红上衣，宝贝得不得了，平时都舍不得穿。(内蒙古呼和浩特，吴淑清)



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谢谢分享，这些很值得珍藏。

又是周一，继续连载：
【编者按】
The past 60 years has witnessed a more prosperous China emerge and with this development the blossoming of various pastimes. Here we've selected some symbolic leisure activities representative of different periods, to give you an insight into the colorful changes that have taken place in Chinese people's daily lives.
建国60年来，国家日益繁荣昌盛，中国人8小时之外的生活越来越丰富。我们从不同时期选取了最具代表性的大众休闲娱乐活动，带您回顾百姓生活发生的多彩变化。
【50-70年代：娱乐匮乏】
During this period, people's leisure life was less complicated compared to that of today. Kids' games such as kicking shuttlecock, hopscotch, reading picture-story books and playing marbles were popular. Leisure activities for adults included reading books and newspapers, watching theatrical troupe performances, listening to the radio and going to the open-air cinema (see photo).
这一时期，中国人的休闲方式简单而单调。踢毽子、跳房子、看小人书、打玻璃弹珠是小孩子们常玩的游戏。大人们则是读书看报、听戏、听广播、看露天电影(见图)等。
>When holidays came, there were Yangko and stilt shows with people eager to participate. Among all the leisure activities at that time, humming songs in a low voice was perhaps the most common. Songs like We Are the Successors of Communism, My Motherland and Lapping Waves of Honghu Lake could frequently be heard.
过节时会有扭秧歌、踩高跷表演，人们也都乐意参加。自己小声哼唱革命歌曲可以说是当时最普遍的休闲方式，《我们是共产主义接班人》、《我的祖国》、《洪湖水浪打浪》等歌曲广为传唱。
【80年代：日益丰富】
The reform and opening-up policy welcomed a more prosperous and vivid China. A variety of pastimes emerged among people. Video halls were ubiquitous. People at that time indulged in Hong Kong and Taiwan movies. Playing billiards was another favorite pastime for young people. The number of children who cut classes to play table tennis also increased.
改革开放使国家日益繁盛，人民的休闲娱乐方式也随之丰富起来。那时候，录像厅非常常见，放映的多是港台电影。打台球是一项年轻人喜爱的活动。打乒乓球也是吸引不少学生逃课的"罪魁祸首"。
>Disco, a totally new form of music was introduced to China and was in vogue at this time. Young people queued up to Disco at the night; the tone of A Li Ba Ba was familiar to all. The FC (Family Computer) also brought pleasure to children with its classic games such as Super Mario and Tetris.
迪斯科，作为一种外来的音乐形态，几乎风靡了大半个中国。《阿里巴巴》等迪斯科歌曲的旋律街知巷闻。任天堂红白机的一款款经典游戏如超级玛丽、俄罗斯方块等伴随着孩子们的欢声笑语。
>Ballroom dancing became all the rage in cities, and some people took this to the open air as a kind of exercise. The emergence of black-and-white television then changed people's lives. Though there was a deficient supply of quality TV programs, they greatly enriched people's entertainment options and broadened their vision and knowledge. The TV series "Shanghai Bund" and the film "Shaolin Temple" were hits of this time.
中国各大城市掀起一股交谊舞热潮，最初是在舞厅，后来人们选择到空旷的户外跳交谊舞锻炼身体。黑白电视机开始慢慢进入人们的生活，虽然节目不像现在这样多，但却极大地丰富了民众的业余生活，拓宽了大家的视野。电视剧《上海滩》、电影《少林寺》等火爆神州。
【90年代：走向多元】
The 90s saw ever increasing diversification regarding people's pastimes. The implementation of the 5-day work week afforded people more leisure time to enjoy their favorite activities. Color television, which replaced the black-and-white television, entered common household and watching TV became the first choice of entertainment for many people.
人们的休闲娱乐方式走向多元化。实行5天工作制使人们拥有充分的闲暇时间从事自己喜欢的休闲娱乐活动。黑白电视大规模升级换代到彩色电视。看电视成为大多数中国人的最爱。
>Going to KTV or the movies, playing ball games, strolling in parks and shopping became the frequent choices for many city residents; suburban residents however still loved playing Mahjong with several friends or going fishing.
唱KTV、看电影、打球、逛公园、购物等受到城市居民的普遍喜爱，而钓鱼、邀上三五好友一同打麻将则是农村居民闲暇时最喜爱的活动。
>Fashion and pop elements originated from Hong Kong and Taiwan and then spreaded to the mainland quickly, activating a more dynamic TV, movie and show biz market. The idolization of celebrity also became a part of mainstream culture in cities. Young people were enamored with The Little Tigers trio boy band and Four Heavenly Kings (see photo); Korean pop culture also became quite trendy in China in the middle 90s.
港台的时尚和音乐元素在内地迅速流传，为电视、电影和整个娱乐产业注入了活力。追星逐渐成为城市生活的一道风景线。小虎队和四大天王(见图)成为新一代偶像。90年代中期，"韩流"成为了风尚。
【2000年以后：个性十足】
The 21st century sees the Internet emerge as an increasingly important thing in people's daily lives. Total number of Chinese netizens has reached 316 million in the first quarter of 2009, and "surfing the net" has rapidly become the preferred form of entertainment compared with "watching TV" or "reading books and newspapers".
进入21世纪，人们的娱乐方式越来越依赖互联网。截止到2009年3月，中国网民数量已达3.16亿，"上网"取代"看电视"和"读书看报"，成为人们首选的娱乐方式。
>People are now attaching greater importance to quality of life, with travel, body-building and beauty treatment becoming an indispensable part of their concerns.
人们越来越看重生活品质，旅游、健身、美容等休闲活动已成为人们生活中不可缺少的部分。
>The general population also share mutual interests and focus in on the same entertainment events. For example, the 2005 Super Voice Girls, like a carnival, made contestants overnight sensations, helping sponsors win fame and fortune and engaging fans in a way so they felt proud for having created their own superstars.
21世纪同时也是个全民狂欢的时代。比如2005年的《超级女声》，像一场盛大的嘉年华，选手一夜蹿红，主办方名利双收，观众看草根变成明星产生出造星的成就感。


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【编者按】
Housing is a key benchmark for living conditions. Here are some accounts of remarkable changes made in this sector since the founding of New China.
"小康不小康，关键看住房。"作为民众生活的必需品，住房关系到千家万户的安居乐业。建国60年，中国人住房条件发生了翻天覆地的变化，每一次变化都体现了共和国前进的足迹。
>建国初:居住条件极差
In the early years of New China, living conditions were extremely poor as most residential buildings were destroyed by protracted wars or were lacking maintenance. Urban people usually lived in crowded and messy residences in a very small space with few or poor facilities, such as warrens in the north and tube-shaped apartments in the south, commonly sharing public toilets and kitchens (see photo). Rural people lived in adobe buildings or cave-dwellings in the north while in the south, people lived in thatch-roof cottages, some even sharing their space with domestic animals.
建国初期，多年战乱，满目疮痍，居住条件极差。城市居民的住宅大多面积小，设施简陋。如北方的大杂院，南方的亭子间等，共用厨房(见图)和厕所，十分拥挤杂乱。农村里，北方多为土坯房、窑洞，南方多住茅草房，年久失修，岌岌可危。人畜有时混居一室，卫生条件极差。
>改革前:式样统一平板房
Before 1978 when China started its reform and opening-up policy, the residential conditions were still very poor. Shabby residences were replaced by newly-built bungalows, exactly alike with unitary style and appearance. Constructed with tiles，bricks and lime, they were simply fitted with beds, tables and chairs.
改革开放前，居住条件仍然较差。样式统一、单调的平板房取代了建国初的破旧民居。一片片鱼鳞状的瓦片取代了破旧的屋顶，墙也不再是土坯砌成的，而是用砖和石灰砌成的平坦而洁白的墙面。但房屋内部很少有装修，只有床、桌子、椅子等基本家具。
>房改前:论资排辈福利房
From 1949 to 1998, people on welfare lived in limited houses and apartments provided by the government or units they worked for free of charge, or for a symbolic low rent. There were no property rights, no commercial residential buildings for buying and selling. The houses and apartments, usually without private toilets or kitchens, were only assigned to people in accordance with their qualifications and seniority.(See photo)
新中国成立后、住房制度改革(1998年)前，城镇实行"实物福利分房制度"，即由政府无偿划拨土地，并由政府或单位出资建设公房，在职工申请住房的基础上，按论资排辈分配给职工居住，收取很低、象征性的房租。当时住房普遍紧张，几代人同在一个屋檐下，少有独立的卫生间和厨房。(见图)
>房改后:天翻地覆商品房
Since 1978, especially after the 1990s, significant progress has been made in upgrading people's living environment. The State Council issued a housing-reform notice in 1998, marking the end of a decades-long welfare housing practice and the beginning of housing reform. Millions of residential zones are mushrooming across the country and people can choose houses and buildings of various styles and functions as they like.
改革开放以来，特别是上世纪90年代后，居住面积显著扩大，居住条件有了明显改善。1998年，以国务院《关于进一步深化城镇住房改革加快住房建设的通知》为标志，实施几十年的福利分房政策终结，"房改"开始。老式的普通民居已经不能满足人民居住的需要，成千上万的新型住宅小区拔地而起，各式各样的楼房鳞次栉比、应有尽有。
>As of August 2009, the country's per-capita residential space increased to 27.1 sqm from about 6.7 sqm before 1980 in urban areas, and to 32.4 sqm from 8.1 sqm in the countryside. Quite a number of people even have 2 or more units of houses or apartments. People enjoy not only more spacious residences but much more comfortable and up-to-date living facilities.
新中国成立60年，居民住房面积由小变大，1980年之前，人均居住面积约为6.7平米(城镇)和8.1平米(农村)，现在已增长到人均27.1平米(城镇)和32.4平米(农村)，很多人甚至不止拥有一套房。同时住房质量和配套性能也不断完善，居民生活的舒适程度大大提高。


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【编者按】
Great changes have taken place in China since 1949 and one of the most amazing was in the economy. During the past 60 years, hundreds of millions of people have been lifted out of poverty and the country has grown from a relatively poor country to the 3rd largest economy in the world. We would like to share with you the brilliant achievements in China's economy in the past 60 years.
1949年以来，中国大地上发生着翻天覆地的变化，其中最令世人瞩目的当属经济领域的发展。过去60年，数以亿计中国人脱离了贫困，而中国也从一个一穷二白的国家发展为当今世界第3大经济体。本期，让我们共同回顾共和国60年来经济领域所取得的辉煌成就。
【新生:试看穷则思变】
For several years after 1949, an urgent issue the Chinese people needed to address was hunger. When the People's Republic of China was founded, the country's total grain output stood at 113m tons and many people were suffering hunger with per capita grains of only 209 kg. Starting from scratch, China independently established a nearly comprehensive industrial system by the late 1960s. But the economic development was later stopped by the 10-year "cultural revolution".
对于新中国而言，在相当长一段时间内，解决吃饭问题是中国人的头等大事。1949年，全国粮食总产量为1.13亿吨，人均占有量仅为209公斤，许多人处于挨饿状态。到60年代末，新中国还是在一穷二白的基础上，建立了一个比较完整的工业体系，但随后，10年文革使刚刚起步的中国经济再次处于停滞状态。
>China made its first step toward the socialist system, as rural laborers in most regions of the country were granted land of their own with the abolishment of feudal land ownership by late 1952.(See photo)
截至1952年底，我国大部分地区废除了地主阶级封建剥削制，实现了农民"耕者有其田"，迈出了实现社会主义制度的第一步。(见图)
>China had established basic industries necessary for full industrialization by 1956 when notable achievements were made during the First Five-Year Plan period (1953-57), one year ahead of schedule. The average annual increase in national income stood at 8.9% in those 4 years.
1953-1956年，我国提前一年完成了第一个5年计划，为社会主义工业化奠定了初步基础。在这4年中，我国国民收入平均每年增长8.9%。
>The "cultural revolution" broke out in 1966, plunging the fledging economy into a standstill.
1966年，文化大革命爆发，刚刚起步的中国经济再次处于停滞状态。
【探索:摸着石头过河】
On December 18, 1978, Beijing convened the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC, at which the reform and opening-up policy was made. In more than a decade since, China began exploring the building of socialism with Chinese characteristics in light of Deng Xiaoping's notable words "to cross the river by feeling the stones under the feet", which means "to make an experiment with prudence without prior experience." Official statistics show that per capita disposable income of rural and urban residents increased from RMB133.6 and RMB343.4 in 1978 to RMB784 and RMB1826.1 in 1992.
1978年12月18日，党的11届3中全会在北京举行，做出我国实行改革开放的决策。此后，在未来10多年的发展过程中，党和国家领导人本着邓小平同志"摸着石头过河"的务实原则，不断创新、探索，开辟了一条建设有中国特色的社会主义道路。官方数据显示，1978-1992年，我国农村居民人均可支配收入由133.6元上升为784元，城镇居民收入由343.4元升至1826.1元。
>In 1979, the CPC approved special zones (the term was changed into "Special Economic Zones" or "SEZs" in 1980) in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen. In 1984, China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment. Embracing more flexible market policies, these regions have attracted foreign investment, encouraged export and created more jobs for surplus workers.
1979年，国务院批准深圳、珠海、汕头、厦门试办特区(1980年更名为经济特区)，1984年又新增了14个沿海开放城市。这些区域因享有更为宽松的市场环境，在吸引外资、鼓励出口和解决剩余劳动力方面都起到了积极作用。
>In 1982, the countryside achieved success in economic reforms as the rural household contract responsibility system was formally established nationwide. The move greatly increased productivity, with an improvement from 1978-1988 surpassing the total of the previous 29 years from 1949-1978, according to official statistics.
1982年，土地家庭联产承包责任制作为一种制度正式确立，大大促进了生产力的发展，农村改革初尝胜利果实。官方数据显示，1978-1988年10年间农村劳动生产率提高的幅度大于1949-1978年29年提高的幅度。
>On September 26, 1986, China's first 1540 shares for just 2 stocks were sold at a stock-trading center, which was developed in 1990 into the Shanghai Stock Exchange, at No 1806 Nanjing Road (W) for a total amount of RMB85280. Twenty-three years later, 1628 companies had been listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen by the end of July 2009, with a combined market value of RMB23.57 trillion. China is now the world's 3rd biggest stock market.
1986年9月26日，中国首批股民在上海南京西路1806号的股票交易柜台(1990年发展为上证交易所)前诞生。当天，仅有两支股票挂牌交易，共售出1540股，总额为8.528万元人民币。23年后，截至今年7月底，沪深股市上市公司数达1628家，总市值23.57万亿元，全球排名第3位。
【崛起:做捉老鼠的猫】
In 1992, a socialist market economic system was initiated at the 14th National Congress of the CPC after late leader Deng Xiaoping toured southern China's special economic zones and delivered speeches showing his support for the country's market economy policy. China thus made another great leap on its way toward economic reform since 1984 when a planned commodity economy was initiated.
1992年，邓小平南巡发表重要讲话。同年，党的14大明确了中国要建立社会主义市场经济体制。这标志着1984年我国提出有计划的商品经济以来，经济体制改革的又一次飞跃。
>In 1995, China announced it would cancel the grain coupon, or liangpiao. Grain coupons, together with other commodity ration coupons, were used around the country from the 1950s to the mid-1980s as a sign of a planned economy. The average ration was 15 kg for males and 13 kg for females each month.
1995年，我国宣布废除粮票，标志着票证时代的结束。上世纪50年代-80年代中期，粮票等票证作为计划经济的重要标志在我国广泛使用。当年的标准是成年男性每人每月30斤粮票，女性每人每月26斤。
>China's GDP kept a double-digit growth for 5 successive years from 1992, which also sparked concerns of economic overheating. In 1993, the government carried out macro control policies, including a moderately tight fiscal policy, investment controls and closer supervision on prices. In 1996, the country's GDP growth fell back to 9.6%.
从1992年起，中国国民生产总值连续5年保持两位数的高速增长，这也引发了对于经济过热的担忧。1993年，中央颁布了宏观调控的措施，包括实行适度从紧的财政政策，控制投资规模，加强价格监督等。1996年GDP增速回落至9.6%。
【腾飞:中国制造时代】
On November 10, 2001, China officially entered the World Trade Organization (WTO) at the 4th Ministerial Conference of the WTO in Doha, Qatar, following 15 years of negotiations(see photo). After that, the country really started to merge into the global economy as a major "world factory". Now China, which has become the world's 3rd largest trading country, is trying to move away from the tag "Made in China" to "Designed in China".
经过15年艰苦谈判，2001年11月10日，在卡塔尔多哈举行的世界贸易组织(WTO)第4届部长级会议上，中国正式加入世贸组织(见图)。从这时起，我国进一步融入世界经济，扮演着"世界工厂"的角色。今天，已经成为世界第3大贸易国的中国正努力完成由"中国制造"到"中国设计"的蜕变。
>Besides multilateral trade relations within the WTO framework, China is also keen to seek closer bilateral trade ties with many trade partners. China has inked free trade agreements with countries and regions such as Chile, Pakistan and ASEAN, and is involved in talks with others.
除在世贸组织框架下，发展多边贸易关系之外，中国也积极寻求同贸易伙伴建立更密切的双边贸易关系。目前，中国已同智利、巴基斯坦、东盟等国家或地区签署自由贸易协议，同时也在进行其他自由贸易谈判。
>China overtook Germany to become the world's 3rd largest economy behind the US and Japan in 2007, with its GDP estimated to be RMB24.66 trillion. The figure is 67.7 times that of 1978, with an average annual growth of nearly 10%, much higher than the same period of the world's average growth rate of around 3%.
我国2007国民生产总值达到24.66万亿元，中国取代德国成为仅次于美国和日本的世界第3大经济体。2007年的国民生产总值是1978年的67.7倍，年均增长约10%，也远高于世界平均水平3%。
>The country was not spared from the global financial turmoil, which hit the world economy in 2008, but the central government put in place a RMB4 trillion stimulus package and other stimulus policies to help businesses survive the crisis. Experts said China's economy had bottomed out from the worst time and the country is expected to be the first to rise from the global recession.
2008年，全球爆发了严重的金融危机，全球经济受到影响，中国也未能幸免。然而中国政府迅速制定了4万亿的经济刺激计划并出台其他政策帮助企业度过危机。专家称目前中国经济已经触底反弹，并将率先实现复苏。
【忆往昔】
从1949到2009，共和国在几辈人的陪伴下，走过了60年风雨历程，看光阴荏冉，忆往事峥嵘。本期，我们邀请了来自北京市和河南省南阳市方城县的两位读者，和我们共同分享他们记忆中的共和国故事。
北京 王宁
我出生于上世纪70年代，小时候看到邻居家的黑白电视非常羡慕。但是父母当时每月工资只有几十元，扣除必要支出更是所剩无几，想买一台电视机恐怕要攒好多年。如今国家的经济实力增强了，人民生活水平也上去了。不但工资大幅提高，电视和其它家用电器的价格也都非常实惠。我最近还打算换个手机看电视呢！
河南南阳 陈国强
我今年60岁，与新中国同龄。在此，我沿用年青人时下比较流行的做法——"晒工资"，以说明普通群众如何受益于祖国这60年的变化：我刚参加工作时月薪27.5元(1971年)，1982年升至109元，2000年为1480年，2009年达到2760元。上世纪70年代，能拥有一辆自行车简直是我渴望而不可及的奢望，而如今，我已拿到驾照，正考虑买辆奥迪。


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【编者按】
Changes in food are what impressed Chinese people most with the advancement of the People's Republic of China. Regarded as the prime need of daily life, food reveals the joys and sorrows of life for the Chinese people in the past 60 years.
粒米看世界，箸间显变迁。建国60年，老百姓感受最深的莫过于自家餐桌的变化，杯盘碗盏中折射出人们饮食观念的更新和生活质量的提高，品味出60年间的酸甜苦乐。【求生时代:食不果腹】
At the beginning of the People's Republic of China, people struggled to survive with little food or very simple diets because of an extreme food shortage caused by previous wars.
建国初期，多年战乱导致食物极度匮乏，人民生活贫困，食不果腹或以粗茶淡饭度日。
【票证时代:有啥吃啥】
Despite significant achievements, the huge population still faced scarce food resources in the mid-1950s. The government began supplying rice or flour with ration coupons(see photo), which later extended to cover all basic foodstuffs and daily necessities such as edible oil, eggs, meat, sugar, bean products, vegetables, cigarettes, liquor, cloth and coal. Pickles were common dishes while meat and fruits were rare year round, except during some festivals. Faced with set limits, many people couldn't feed themselves enough and suffered from malnutrition.
50年代中期，人民生活虽然比建国初有较大改善，但依然面临食品供应紧张等问题。为改善现状，全国开始实行凭粮票(见图)定量供应粮食制度，后来，食用油、蛋、肉、糖、豆制品、蔬菜、香烟、酒、布料和煤等人们的生活必需品几乎都要"凭票购买"。咸菜在当时是家常菜，肉和水果只能在过节时才能吃上一些。由于食品供应受限，许多人难以饱腹，大家普遍营养不良。
【花样时代:吃啥有啥】
Great importance was attached to economic development after the reform and opening-up policy in 1978, which led to a prosperous market and abundant food supplies. When Guangdong abolished food coupons in April, 1992, planned food-supply systems were cancelled gradually across the country, along with other items for daily necessities. The coupons have since become a treasure for collectors. People could buy what they wanted from the market, and fruits, meat, fish, egg and even seafood were very common on the tables of ordinary people. Meat and fish, as well as convenience food, fine rice and flour, were favorites at that time.
随着改革开放，国民经济飞速发展，市场上食品种类开始日渐繁多。继广东1992年4月废除粮票后，全国各地相继告别"票证时代"。如今，这些短缺经济时代的见证物已成为收藏家的珍品。随着市场的繁荣，人们肉、鱼、蛋、禽随便买，水果和海鲜也出现在寻常百姓家的餐桌上。在当时，大鱼、大肉、方便食品以及口感较好的细粮广受群众欢迎。
【绿色时代:关注营养健康】
In the 21st century, more and more foreigners came to China to open restaurants, leaving Chinese people with a wide selection of delicious meals to choose from, with styles and flavors not only from across China but from abroad. After enjoying top-grade meals such as abalone, sea cucumber and shark fin, people started paying more attention to diet and health. Wild plants and coarse grains are now favored by people.(See photo)
进入21世纪，洋人纷纷来中国开店，餐饮业渐趋"国际化"。无论走到哪里，不同档次和风味的餐馆随处可见，人们尽享美味佳肴。在尝尽鲍鱼、海参和鱼翅等高档名菜后，国人开始讲究营养均衡，不仅要"吃好"，还要吃得健康。以前因粮食不够用来充饥的野菜、粗粮，如今成为餐桌上的健康食品(见图)。
【60年变化天翻地覆】
Despite its ups and downs in the past 60 years, China has succeeded in supporting its population of more than 1.3b, accounting for 22% of the world's total, with only 7% of the global arable land. In 2008, China saw a total of 528.7m tons of grain output, 390 kg a person on average, compared to only 209 kg in 1949. Its grain, meat, cotton and other farm output have steadily led the world.
经过60年的努力，中国以占世界7%的耕地养活了世界22%的人口。2008年粮食总产量达到5.287亿吨，人均390公斤，而1949年我国人均粮食产量只有209公斤。谷物、肉类、棉花等农产品产量目前稳居世界首位。
【忆往昔】
从1949到2009，共和国在几辈人的陪伴下，走过了60年风雨历程，看光阴荏冉，忆往事峥嵘。本期，我们邀请了来自福建、北京和山西的3位读者，和我们共同分享他们记忆中的共和国故事。
福建厦门 柯新宇
80年代的农村不像现在这样想吃什么有什么，记得当时病重的母亲想吃酱菜，我骑自行车跑了30多里地到镇上才买到。当时农民没有肉票，吃肉想也不敢想。那时候，票比钱金贵，如果没有票，即使有钱也买不到东西。
北京 宋晓东
还愁没吃的？我现在愁的是吃得太多，我想减肥，但有那么多好吃的东西，你说，怎么减？
山西 李建军
中国人吃方面很有讲究，尤其是节令饮食：大年初一吃饺子、正月十五吃元宵、五月端午吃粽子、八月中秋吃月饼、腊月初八吃腊八粥……。这是一直沿袭下来的文化习俗。现如今，条件好了、水平高了，饺子、元宵等已成为家常便饭，想什么时候吃就什么时候吃，想吃什么有什么。可无论怎样花样翻新，就是吃不出当年的滋味，找不到当年的感觉。现在过节吃东西不是为解馋，而是为了应景，为了纪念，为了民俗。


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学习学习

【编者按】
China has struggled hard during the 60 years of sports development since 1949. The development process has not been smooth as the country was once called the "sick man of Asia". But China has finally become a major sports country despite the effects of complex domestic and international situations. Now let's share the great moments in China's sports history in the past 60 years.
伴随着共和国的成长，新中国的体育事业走过了60年不平凡的拼搏历程。回望来路，体育的发展总是受到复杂多变的国际国内形势的影响。本期我们将与大家分享这60年来中国体育史上的辉煌时刻，见证一个"东亚病夫"崛起成为体育大国。
【50-60年代：开创历史】
>首位破世界纪录运动员
Chinese weightlifter Chen Jingkai lifted 133kg in Shanghai on June 7, 1956, breaking the world record in the men's 56kg category held by American athlete Charles Vinci. With this achievement, Chen became the first athlete to break a world record in China.
1956年6月7日，举重运动员陈镜开在上海以133公斤的成绩，打破了美国运动员温奇保持的56公斤级挺举世界纪录，成为中国第一个打破世界纪录的运动员。

>中国首个奥运奖牌得主
Known as the "Iron Man of Asia", Yang Chuan-kwang from Taiwan won the gold medal in the decathlon at the 1954 Asian Games. Yang's most memorable competition was the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, when he went into the final event of the decathlon and won the silver, becoming the first Chinese Olympic medalist and the only Asian medalist in track and field events.
来自中国台北的10项全能选手杨传广在1954年亚运会中获得金牌，由此获得"亚洲铁人"的称号。在1960年罗马奥运会中，杨传广获得了男子十项全能银牌，成为中国第一个获奥运会奖牌的人，也是在第17届奥运会田径项目中获得奖牌的惟一亚洲选手。
【70-80年代：蓬勃发展】
>中国首枚奥运金牌得主
Xu Haifeng was the gold medal winner of the Men's 50m pistol (60 shots) at the 23rd Olympic Games in Los Angeles in 1984. He is China's first Olympic gold winner and the coach of 2 subsequent Olympic gold medalists. After his success in the 23rd Olympic Games, a new era of Chinese Olympic history began.
许海峰在1984年第23届洛杉矶奥运会上获得男子50米手枪60发慢射冠军，成为中国奥运会历史上的首位冠军得主，由此掀开了中国奥运史的新纪元。从教后，他还培养了两名选手获得了奥运会金牌。

>首获奥运金牌的运动队
In 1981, the Chinese women's volleyball team took its first world title by winning all their 7 matches in the championship title at the 3rd World Cup. The Chinese team continued its success for 5 consecutive world-class tournaments, winning the 1982 World Championships, the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, the 1985 World Cup and the 1986 World Championships, becoming the first such team in world volleyball history. The Los Angeles Olympic gold medal made it the first team to win an Olympic gold medal for China. (See photo)
1981年第3届世界杯赛上，中国女排以7战全胜的战绩首次夺得世界冠军，之后相继蝉联1982年第9届世界女排锦标赛、1984年洛杉矶奥运会、1985年世界杯赛和1986年第10届世界女排锦标赛冠军，是世界排球史上第一支连续5次夺冠的队伍。洛杉矶奥运会的金牌更是使中国女排成为中国奥运史上第一支取得金牌的运动队。(见图)
【1990-2009：蒸蒸日上】
>世界最年轻的奥运冠军
Diver Fu Mingxia won her first world champion title in 1991 at the World Swimming Championships at the age of 13, making her the youngest world champion ever in any sport, which was written into the Guinness World Records. In the 1992 Summer Olympics held in Barcelona, Fu became China's youngest Olympic champion ever when she won the 10m platform gold at the age of 14.
1991年的世界游泳锦标赛中，年仅13岁的伏明霞赢得跳台桂冠，成为最年轻的世界冠军并被载入《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》。在1992年巴塞罗那奥运会上，她夺得10米跳台冠军时只有14岁，是中国奥运史上最年轻的冠军。

>最伟大的乒乓球女选手
Deng Yaping is the greatest woman table tennis player in history. She began playing table tennis at the age of 5 and was recruited by the national team in 1988. Deng is an 18-time world champion in table tennis, including winning 4 Olympic gold medals. From 1990 to 1997, she retained the title of world No. 1 ranked female table tennis player for 8 years, the longest for a female athlete.
邓亚萍是乒乓球历史上最伟大的女子选手，她5岁起就随父亲学打球，1988年进入国家队，先后获得18次世界冠军头衔，包括4枚奥运金牌。1990-97年，邓亚萍在乒坛世界排名连续8年保持第一，是排名世界第一时间最长的女运动员。
>奥运路上的孺子牛
Known as China's Mr Olympics, He Zhenliang is former vice-chairman of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and honorary chairman of China's Olympic Committee. He has devoted virtually his whole life to China's Olympic movement and did presentations for China's 2 Olympic Games bids. After the first failure, he acted as a bridge connecting Chinese sports with the rest of the world. He introduced the bid plan and the progress Beijing had made to his IOC colleagues, which was vital to China's successful Olympic bid.
人称"中国奥林匹克教父"的何振梁，曾任国际奥委会副主席，现任中国奥委会名誉主席。何振梁几乎将毕生贡献给了中国的奥运事业。他两次担任申奥投票中方陈述人。在第一次申奥失败后，他作为中国体育与世界的桥梁，不遗余力地将北京申奥的计划以及取得的成就介绍给国际奥委会的同事们。可以说，他为北京申办2008年奥运会的成功发挥了极其重要的作用。

>首个田径金牌得主(图)
Liu Xiang, the 110m hurdler, is an Olympic gold medalist and world champion. His 2004 Olympic gold medal was the first in a men's track and field event for China. He is also the first athlete to achieve the "triple crown" in the 110m hurdle event history: world record Holder, world champion and Olympic champion. (See photo)
2004年雅典奥运会上，刘翔夺得110米栏的金牌，成为第一位在奥运会田径项目上获得金牌的中国男运动员。刘翔也是110米栏史上第一位同时集世界纪录、世锦赛冠军、奥运冠军于一身的选手。(见图)
【忆往昔】
从1949到2009，共和国在几辈人的陪伴下，走过了60年风雨历程。看光阴荏苒，忆往事峥嵘。本期，我们邀请了来自浙江和河南的两位读者，和我们共同分享他们记忆中有关体育的共和国故事。

浙江金华 李秀丽
现在的人越来越注重健康了，锻炼身体的方式也增加了好多，尤其是女士的健身方式，过去我们都是跑步、打羽毛球、游泳，现在还可以去做瑜伽、有氧操、普拉提，玩保龄球。我觉得这些方式让人们在健身的同时心情也得到放松，同事朋友间还可以在健身房加深交流。

河南驻马店 王勇
上小学的时候，学校的操场很小，而且是泥地的，刮风的时候总是因为灰尘太多上不成体育课。后来到了中学的时候，很多学校就开始改造，修起了塑胶跑道，而且还有乒乓球台、篮球场，有些学校甚至还建了游泳馆。身边的同学、朋友，喜欢锻炼的也越来越多了。


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【编者按】
As we hail China's miracles in transport infrastructure construction, it is worth reflecting on the nation's transport achievements in the past 60 years, which have brought substantial benefits to the Chinese people.
新中国在交通运输基础建设上取得了巨大成就，给人民带来了实在的利益。让我们一起回顾60年来走过的路程，为祖国的交通事业喝彩。

【公路建设】
>In 1949, China had a highway mileage of only 80700 km, with 30000 km paved. By 2008, China's highway mileage reached 3.73m km, an increase of 45 times over 1949.
新中国成立初期，我国公路通车里程仅为8.07万公里，有路面里程3万公里。截至2008年底，中国公路通车里程达到373万公里，比新中国成立初期增长了45倍。

>The highways currently connect 99.24% of the nation's townships and 92.86% of the villages, according to the Ministry of Transport.
根据交通运输部的数据，目前全国99.24%的乡镇和92.86%的建制村通了公路。

>In 1988, China built its first expressway, between Shanghai and Jiading, with a length of 18.5 km. Today, the expressway mileage has reached 60300 km.
1988年，长度为18.5公里的上海至嘉定高速公路成为中国第一条高速公路。如今中国的高速公路里程已达到6.03万公里。

>According to the National Expressway Network Plan, approved by the State Council in 2004, China will build a developed expressway network in the next 30 years with a mileage of 86600 km.
根据国务院2004年通过的《国家高速公路网规划》，中国将用30年的时间建设一个里程为8.66公里发达的国家高速公路网。
【城市交通】
>China started operating its first subway in Beijing in 1969. By 2008, the nation had built 29 urban rail transit lines in 10 cities. At present, the mileage of rail transit lines across the country adds up to 776 km, carrying 2.21b passengers annually.
中国的第一条地铁于1969年在北京建成通车。经过近40年的发展，截至2008年底，我国已有10个城市拥有共29条城市轨道交通运营线路，运营里程达到776公里，年客运总量达22.1亿人次。

>According to the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, China will have 79 urban rail transit lines in 22 cities, including Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, by 2015, with a mileage of 2259.84 km.
根据住房和城乡建设部的数据，至2015年前后，北京、上海、广州等22个城市将建设79条城市轨道交通线路，总长2259.84公里。

>By 2008, China had 348000 buses, street cars or subway trains-13.5 times as many in 1978. In 2008, there were 10.2 buses for every 10000 people, 4 times that of 1986. The number of taxis reached 959700, 589.48 times that of 1978. More than 230 cities in the nation have created priority lanes or express lanes for buses.
截至2007年底，我国城市公共汽(电)车、轨道交通总规模达到34.80万辆，是1978年的13.5倍。万人公交车拥有率达到10.2标台，是1986年的4倍。出租汽车总量达到95.97万辆，是1978年的589.48倍。全国共230多个城市设置了公交优先车道或专用车道。
【铁路建设】
>In 1949, China had a railway mileage of 22000 km, which was rarely used. The nation currently has a railway mileage of 80000 km, ranking No 2 in the world. Wang Zhiguo, vice minister of railways, said China would have more than 120000 km of railway by 2020.
新中国成立之初，全国仅有2.2万公里铁路，且大部分处于瘫痪状态。目前，全国铁路总里程达到8万公里，跃居世界第二。铁道部副部长王志国说，到2020年铁路里程将增加到12万公里以上。

>In 1949, the average speed of China's trains was only 43 kmph. On August 1, 2008, the Beijing-Tianjin Express Railway was put into use, reaching 350 kmph. It takes less than half an hour for the bullet train to cover a distance of 120 km between the 2 cities.
新中国成立初期，铁路旅行平均时速只有43公里。2008年8月1日，时速350公里的京津城际铁路开通运营，高速列车只用不到半个小时就跑完了京津间120公里的路程。

>In 1949, China had only 102m railway passengers annually. The number had reached 1.46b by the end of 2008. "China uses 6% of the world's total railway mileage to complete 25% of the world's railway workload, which means we have the world's No 1 transport efficiency," said Wang. 1949年，我国铁路旅客每年发送量只有1.02亿人次。2008年底，全国铁路旅客发送量达14.6亿人次。铁道部副部长王志国表示，我国铁路以占世界铁路6%的营业里程完成了世界铁路25%的工作量，运输效率世界第一。
【民航建设】
>Travel by airplane was once considered a privilege for people with official letters of recommendation. But with the rapid development of civil aviation, ordinary people can take convenient flights. The volume of air passengers in 1950 was 10000, compared with 200m in 2008. The number of regular flight routes amounted to 1400 by 2008. Civil aviation service currently covers 61% of the nation's population.
随着民航事业的迅速发展，以往只有持介绍信才能享受的飞机，如今成为寻常百姓的交通工具。1950年，民航客运量只有1万人次。2008年，民航全年旅客运输量近2亿人次。到去年底，定期航班航线总数近1400条，民航服务区域内的人口数量占全国人口的61%。

>The soaring number of air passengers has accelerated expansion of China's airports. At Beijing Capital International Airport for instance, the passenger volume has risen, taking it from the world's No 26 busiest airport in 2002 to the current No 9. The nation now has 142 airports, with another 100 airports expected to be built and put into use by 2020.
旅客吞吐量的激增促使机场的不断扩建。例如北京，航空旅客吞吐量就从2002年的世界第26位升至现在的第9位。目前全国机场数量达142个，到2020年末，又将会有100个新建机场建成并投入使用。

>The Beijing Capital International Airport unveiled its spectacular RMB27b Terminal 3 built for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The 3 km-long spacious hub, which was built in just 5 years, is 17 % larger than London's Heathrow Airport.
就在2008年北京奥运之际，耗资270亿元人民币打造的首都国际机场T3航站楼揭开了神秘的面纱。与伦敦希斯罗机场相比，长达3公里T3航站楼多出了17%的使用面积，只花了5年时间建造。
【忆往昔】
清朝，商人骑马从天津到北京做买卖可能得走上一天一夜；改革开放后，北京人乘坐双层列车到天津吃"狗不理"包子，要花上至少一个半小时；2008年，京津高速铁路开通，北京和天津之间的火车旅行时间锁定在一个不可思议的数字：30分钟。本期我们邀请了来自江西和北京的两位嘉宾畅谈新中国交通变化：

江西南昌 张鑫
我父亲是铁路工人，我还记得当年父亲上班的情景。一排一排的工人用钢钎、用木棒把枕木、铁轨抬装到道床上，汗珠沿着脸庞浸湿了全身。尤其是修建长江大桥的时候，工人几乎全天候地坚持在工地上抬石块、拌水泥，很多人肩上还担着石头都会睡着。20年过去了，现在的工地哪里能够看到人员挤在一团靠体力做事的情景，穿梭在工地上都是大大小小的机械设备。最为典型是在为期不到两年的时间里就修建出横跨中国屋脊的青藏铁路。在如此复杂的地理环境下，创造出了世界的修路奇迹，这在当年恐怕是不可想象的事情吧。

北京 王启华
现在的交通变化实在是太大了，只能用日新月异来形容啊！我已工作多年，上班路上耗的时间就反应了北京交通的变化。一开始的时候，上班只能挤公交，要耗2个多小时才能到单位。后来八通线开通了，再也不用堵车了，上班时间慢慢缩短。最近我又买了车，每天过京通快速，30多分钟就能到单位。上班花在路上的时间越来越短，每天工作的心情都不一样。

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